Enormous investments in scientific research, technology and innovation are made by governments and private industries. An important new characteristic of this development is the increasing scientific sophistication and knowledge content of industrial products and processes. Scientific research in universities and independent institutions has moved closer to industry in order to increase efficiency. The more society invests its financial and human resources in scientific and technological research, the greater will be the demands by society and government for a quick return on its investments. This requires more effective management of research and innovation.This volume addresses these issues and prepares scientists to successfully tackle the problems connected with the management of modern research activities.This is the first manual specially designed for directors of research laboratories, leaders of research projects, R&D managers from private or public sectors and policy makers in the scientific and technological field. There is a very strong international demand, particularly from developing countries, for this type of training. Contributions to this manual have been made by international outstanding scientists.